1) Researchers with peer reviewed studies
2) Those with a Ph.D. or M.D. and professional experience
3) Lawyers with legal experience in memory related cases
4) Professional Organizations Statements
Comments and insights by professional researchers of trauma and memory, clinical practitioners and lawyers who have won significant cases involving "repressed memories". (2016)
Skeptics Dictionary Updates "Repressed Memory" Treatment"
Updated article detailing inconsistencies and lack of empirical support for "repressed memories" by Robert T Carroll. Ph.D. researcher and author of several works (books, articles and websites) on psuedosciences. Despite the verdict of empirical science a minority continue to practice and be sued. (2016)
Shocking Survey Data Revealed in Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
Research experts in psychiatry and psychology from Binghampton University, Concordia University and Emory University jointly write about surveys of the general population and practicing counselors regarding repressed and recovered memories. Large numbers of the general public and practicing counselors hold beliefs about memories that are not supported by informed scientific research. Implications for a wide variety of ethical, legal and destructive societal influences are cited along with encouragement for an educational system that emphasizes science over pseudoscience. Can J Psychiatry. 2015 Dec; 60(12): 541–547 (2015)
The Trauma Model of Dissociation: Inconvenient Truths and Stubborn Fictions
Researchers from Binghamton University, Emory University, Maastricht University, Harvard University, University of California, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Victoria University of Wellington with thousands of peer reviewed studies write a joint review of the research concerning "dissociation" (onced called repressed memories) and conclude there is no empircal evidence supporting this model. [Psychol Bull. 2014 May;140(3):896-910. doi: 10.1037/a0035570] (2014)
Shocking Survey Data Revealed in Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
Research experts in psychiatry and psychology from Binghampton University, Concordia University and Emory University jointly write about surveys of the general population and practicing counselors regarding repressed and recovered memories. Large numbers of the general public and practicing counselors hold beliefs about memories that are not supported by informed scientific research. Implications for a wide variety of ethical, legal and destructive societal influences are cited along with encouragement for an educational system that emphasizes science over pseudoscience. Can J Psychiatry. 2015 Dec; 60(12): 541–547 (2015)
The Trauma Model of Dissociation: Inconvenient Truths and Stubborn Fictions
Researchers from Binghamton University, Emory University, Maastricht University, Harvard University, University of California, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Victoria University of Wellington with thousands of peer reviewed studies write a joint review of the research concerning "dissociation" (onced called repressed memories) and conclude there is no empircal evidence supporting this model. [Psychol Bull. 2014 May;140(3):896-910. doi: 10.1037/a0035570] (2014)
"Now, with three decades of hindsight, we can say a few things with a high degree of confidence. Recovered memory is either entirely or mostly a fiction. People do not repress memories of extreme trauma. Further memories are now known to be constructed and malleable. ...The events widely depicted by many who recovered memories are now known to have never happened. (2014)
How Long Will a Lie Last? False Memories Linger for Years
The idea that misinformation is somehow “weaker” than the truth, that it does not last as long or pierce as deep disagrees with the research. Misinformation can be just as enduring, and even increase in strength over time. This has real world consequences. (2014)
How Long Will a Lie Last? False Memories Linger for Years
The idea that misinformation is somehow “weaker” than the truth, that it does not last as long or pierce as deep disagrees with the research. Misinformation can be just as enduring, and even increase in strength over time. This has real world consequences. (2014)
Major "Repressed Memory Researchers" with "inconsistent" data forced by reviewing committee (external to the European University) to retract research. Data sources depicted were found not to exist as verifiable public records and authors failed to provide original data. Paper was cited 10 times prior to retraction. (2013).
University Psychology Researchers examine how participants generate modifications to memory narratives that create and reinforce false memories. False memories are one type of false memory were once called "repressed memories" (but now often referred to as "pseudo memories) [ J Exp Psychol Gen. 2013 Aug;142(3):827-44. doi: 10.1037/a0030093. Epub 2012 Sep 17]. (2012)
Memories of Abuse Research: No Evidence of Repressed Memories
Memories of Abuse Research: No Evidence of Repressed Memories
Harvard researcher, Dr. McNally, adapts paradigms from cognitive psychology, and tested hypotheses inspired by both the "repressed memory" and "false memory" perspectives on 300 "recovered memories" of Child Sexual Abuse. There was some evidence for the false memory perspective, but no evidence for the repressed memory perspective. Nebraska Symp Motiv. 2012;58:121-47. Archive (2012).
Ruling of 2nd Federal Circuit Court ends litigation relying in any way on "repressed memories" (or the methods known to produce pseudo memories). All plea bargains ordered to be reviewed. All prisoners using repressed memories ordered o be released (2011).
A juror describes a criminal case as "a witch hunt" in the state of Washington that continued for years. 43 "Deniers" jailed, 5 convicted and imprisoned. Parents promised to have custody of their children at plea bargain lost custody after agreeing to plea. All accused eventually found innocent. Some found innocent and released after 8 years of prison (1998). Numerous civil proceedings settled against the state (2005). Civil proceedings against the state continue decades later by the children taken from their homes (2011).
Psychologists and lawyer that has won numerous Insurance fraud cases cites reasons "recovered memory therapy" has been largely stopped. (2010)
False Memories of childhood nurtured with suggestions This is a 4 min video. (2009)
Dr. Carol Tavris, renowned social psychologist researcher and feminist, comments on Recovered Memory Therapy. (2009)
Professional Researcher debunks myths about trauma and memory:Renowned Harvard psychology researcher researches claims of those who believe in repressed memory and finds no empirical support. Published in Canadian Journal of Psychology (2005).
Psychology researchers from Stanford, University of California and Oxford University (England) fail to find a "single repressed memory" of childhood sexual abuse when 217 confirmed child sex abuse victims were interviewed years later (as adults) in largest followup study ever performed. Increased trauma increased the likelihood of memory which is in complete opposition to the assertions of those who maintain repression and amnesia of childhood sexual abuse. (2003)
University of Washington Researcher investigates widely publicized "repressed memory" case. Discovers claims by victim to be fraudulent. Researcher is then investigated for violating privacy, then charged with criminal and ethical violations and sued by claimant. Following years of proceedings and investigations the researcher is exonerated of all criminal charges, found innocent by a professional board and civil proceedings were dismissed without award. Dr. Loftus (now with the University of California) is now recognized with numerous awards for courage and integrity in the face of physical threat, professional abandonment and legal harassment (2002).
Peer reviewed experiment by renowned psychological researchers had clients imagine bizarre events with guidance and repeat them over varied times and time periods. Those who repeated the stories more likely to recall the imaginings as an actual memory. This duplicates how fantasies (repressed memories) can be believed as memories with repeated verbal repetition of the fantasy (2002).
Researcher Debunks "Repressed Memory Case" Wins Case
Scientist found innocent in 20 of 21 charges after research reveals fraudulent representation of famous case often used to support "repressed memories". Last charge dropped by accuser. (2001)
University of Texas Professor and professional researcher writes about how ideas lacking evidence, like repressed memories, that fail to gain consensus of experts still appeal to the untrained public (2001).
Dr. John Cannell summarizes AMA and legal rulings recognizing that recovered memory therapy generating "repressed memories” often produces false memories or what Sigmond Freud came to call "fantasies." (1999)
Repressed memories rejected as evidence in court. Lawsuits against Psychiatrists, therapists, counselors and life coaches pile up. (1999)
Lawyer and psychologists publishes in Psychology Journal on Repressed Memories (now debunked) and the forced reform of Mental Health now includes informed consent (1998)
Dr. Christopher Barden (PhD Psychology and JD in Law) questions Mr. David Calof. David Calof was identified as a "Recovered Memory Expert" in PBS documentary on repressed memories. Mr. Calof has no degree and has never taken an college course. Mr. Calof admits in deposition that "repressed" memories of his clients are "not memories" but "allows his clients to characterize them in this way". (1998)
Recovered memory therapy in all forms rejected by experts in therapy. (1997)
Review: The Myth of Repressed Memory
World renowned memory researcher and courtroom expert (Ph.D. in Psychology) authors a book based on two decades of experience and the research current at the time. This book carefully and gently leads the reader to the conclusion, based on the accounts and interviews, that "repressed memory" can not possibly provide anyone with reliable accounts of the highly emotional traumatic recollections years or decades later as claimed. In fact the events may never have taken place historically and may be the result of confabulations, distortions, assumptions, suggestive therapy, coercive questioning or source confusion among other factors (or any combinations of these possibilities).
Review: Second Thoughts
An expert credentialed and experienced as a counselor (Ph.D.) was trained in and used recovered memory therapy techniques. Clients then recovered "repressed memories" using recovered memory therapy and displayed rapidly declining mental health. Increases in depressions, suicidal tendencies and inability to function were documented. Following careful research the author concluded that "repressed memories" were false memories that harmed his clients and devastated families. This book, detailing research and experience, is still useful and readable over 20 years after being first published.
Review: The Myth of Repressed Memory
World renowned memory researcher and courtroom expert (Ph.D. in Psychology) authors a book based on two decades of experience and the research current at the time. This book carefully and gently leads the reader to the conclusion, based on the accounts and interviews, that "repressed memory" can not possibly provide anyone with reliable accounts of the highly emotional traumatic recollections years or decades later as claimed. In fact the events may never have taken place historically and may be the result of confabulations, distortions, assumptions, suggestive therapy, coercive questioning or source confusion among other factors (or any combinations of these possibilities).
Review: Second Thoughts
An expert credentialed and experienced as a counselor (Ph.D.) was trained in and used recovered memory therapy techniques. Clients then recovered "repressed memories" using recovered memory therapy and displayed rapidly declining mental health. Increases in depressions, suicidal tendencies and inability to function were documented. Following careful research the author concluded that "repressed memories" were false memories that harmed his clients and devastated families. This book, detailing research and experience, is still useful and readable over 20 years after being first published.
"Repressed Memories" are controversial & extremely rare if they do occur. "Seek a licensed and insured therapist" for such assistance. (addressed since 1996)
Social workers instructed to remain neutral on recovered memory claims. Recovered memories can be accepted as real ONLY with corroboration and external evidence. (1996)
Once thought there might something to "repressed memories" but after 40 years of study has come to conclusion that it is a truly a myth. (1996)
Practicing, licensed Therapist was not helping clients improve and saw the devastating impact of the therapy on families with questionable, uncorroborated and unsubstantiated memories. Therapist now undoing damage. (links to similar therapists) (1995)
Peer in reviewed journal cautions accepting "repressed memories" as factual. (1995)
Officially has banned members from using therapies designed to recover repressed memories of childhood abuse. (1995)
A Ph.D. who is also an expert in hypnosis, has extensive clinical experience and has researched memory explains how recovered memory therapy techniques are creating false memories based on the suggestibility of vulnerable clients, source confusion, confabulation and fantasy. (1994)
Studies often used to support "Repressed Memories" examined and debunked. (1994)
Research by Dr. August Piper, Jr. "Truth Serum" and "recovered memories" of sexual abuse indicates that a there is no evidence that the use of psychotropic medication provides reliable memory recovery. A review of the evidence was provided for the Journal of Psychiatry and Law, 21, 447-471 (1993)
Study by Dr. Paul Simpson and expert in recovered memory therapy (that now works to cease use of that technique) authors study of retractors and reveal multiple sources for pseudo memories (1993)
Heavily annotated and extensively researched by an expert memory researcher. This is a major work still read in the psychological and psychiatric fields 30 years later. (1993)
Professional Organizations:
No longer references "Repressed Memories"and encourages those who remember childhood sexual abuse to seek a licensed and insured therapist" for such assistance. (website updated in 2016)
The AMA considers recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse to be of uncertain authenticity, which should be subject to external verification. The use of recovered memories is fraught with problems of potential misapplication. (1996)
Social Worker Professionals on "Repressed Memories"Social workers instructed to remain neutral on recovered memory claims. Recovered memories can be accepted as real ONLY with corroboration and external evidence. (website Table was last updated 2000)
Officially has banned members from using therapies designed to recover repressed memories of childhood abuse. (Recovered Memory Therapy by members banned in 1995)
Studies often used to support "Repressed Memories" examined and debunked. (1994)
Informed professionals read and learn. References to "repressed memory" no longer exist in the DSM V.
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Grace and I while visiting family in New England
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