Showing posts with label recovered memories. Show all posts
Showing posts with label recovered memories. Show all posts

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Trail of Lies


       One of the most studied serial false accusers in the historical record is Treva Thornberry.  Her convincing emotive manner in which she delivered her tales of woe and abuse spanned decades.  Treva's false claims gained her charity, favor and support from social services, churches, well meaning families, schools, counselors, therapists and most of all the police in 5 different states over 15 years.  Her stay repeatedly ended with betrayal and false allegations prior to her disappearance.  Her emotive (but fraudulent) presentations were so convincing that psychologists and psychiatrists now point to her case as an example of an extremely rare "factitious disorder" (Muchausen Syndrome).
      Her journey began in 1986 when at 17 years old she suddenly accused her father of repeatedly raping her at gunpoint.  After investigation the police cleared the father and family.  After expressing suicidal ideation she was sent to a state hospital where she was given Xanax & Trilafon and then sent to a foster home in Witchata Falls where she attended high school. In 1987 she was sent to a new foster home in Fort Worth, graduated high school and was released from juvenile care.  She lived briefly with a single mother and her three children.  She disappeared.
       In 1992 Treva emerged as "Keili T. Thorneberry Smitt" in Corvallis, Oregon. She claimed to be 16 and was taken in by kind families.  She told horrid stories of her father from Dallas who would force her into the car and assault her.  She was supported and aided but police were unable to verify her identity of the identity of her father.  She disappeared.  
       In 1993 Treva emerged as  "Keili T. Thorneberry Smitt" who claimed to be 16 (now 23)  in Portland Oregon.  She told stories to those who took her in of being abused by her father, a Portland police officer.  The police were unable to locate the officer or verify details of her story.  She disappeared.
      In 1994 Treva emerged as "Cara Leanna Davis"claiming to be 16 (actually 24) in Coeur d’Alene, Idaho.  She claimed her abusive father had murdered her mother and was a satanic cult leader.  She was cared for by families and disappeared after 2 months.
     Later in 1994 Treva emerged as "Kara Williams" claiming to be 16 (actually 24).  She told police she was 16 years of age and detailed numerous claims of assault including a young staffer at a shelter.  She went to three different high schools and lived in numerous foster care homes at state expense.  When confronted by social services about her identity she confessed to nothing. Her protests were so adamant, and so tearful, that more than one person watching her came to the conclusion that she truly believed what she was saying.“ Kara was discharged from juvenile care. She disappeared.
     In 1996 Treva emerged as "Stephanie Danielle Lewis" claiming to be 16 (actually 26). She found help by a religious underground to escape "satanist parents".  She was provided juvenile care services. After 18 days of investigation police determined her real identity. She was arrested for fraud and released. She disappeared. 
    In 1997 Treva emerged as "Brianna Stewart" who claimed to have lived near Mobile, Alabama with mother and Navajo step father who murdered her mother.   She was looking for real father and hitchhiked as a 13 year old to area She was taken in by a family at a church she attended and enrolled in high school wanting to “have a normal life”.  She filed charges of rape against a security guard who was imprisoned and found guilty (later released and exonerated).  She also accused her host family father spying on her with video cameras while undressing and sexually assaulting her.  After investigation police dismissed the charges.  She vehemently insisted she was telling the truth and taken in by mother of a police officer even after investigators could not corroborate claims. 
     In 2001 Treva still claiming to be "Brianna Stewart" went to trial charged with fraudulent collection of juvenile services (she was 32 at this time).  She fired her lawyers who sought to claim innocence with an insanity plea.  "Brianna" decided to represent herself.   The prosecutor confronted her with a number of matching methods.  Her hand writing matched that of the teenager Treva Thornberg. Brianna's dental exam matched the dental records of Treva Thornberry.  Photos of Treva were presented to jury by Treva's mother that showed unmistakable similarities (Treva paused in the courtroom when shown the pictures).  Finally Brianna accepted a DNA analysis which came back with an overwhelming positive match with the married couple from Electra Texas.  This couple gave birth and raised Treva Thornberry until her mental illness struck when she was 17 (read more about mental illness at "Elephant Illness").  "Brianna" in her defense submitted a report by a therapist that stated an opinion that "Brianna" was 20 years old.  The jury found her guilty of all 7 charges.  Treva Thornberry was sentenced to 3 years in prison.
      While being escorted after the trial Treva (who still called herself Brianna) said in a loud voice "I’m nineteen! I’m not guilty of anything except being a teenager!”  

      In 2003 Treva was released after serving 2 years and 3 months of the sentence. She appeared on an ABC news and stated: "I'm not Treva Thornberry," Stewart said. "I just want to reiterate that I am not, no matter how much that family wants to suddenly produce their family member, no matter what they do, what they say, I am not Treva Thorneberry nor will I ever be Treva Thornberry. Because you can't make another person into somebody else. You just can't."

     In 2016 Treva emerged as "Brianna McKenzie" in Lacey, Washington.  She went to police and accused a man of attempting rape while working at a hotel.  Investigation revealed her true identity.  Investigators found inconsistencies who then "Brianna" claimed  doubts about identity of attacker.  The accused man named Canton claimed that a hotel maid attempted to steal his meth.  Canton was eventually released.  Brianna now claims her attacker had more hair.
    She and others like her are out there.  Some of the convincing accusers actually believe the delusions and fantasies they imagine.  Anyone, even the kind and well meaning, can become a victim of false accusations by the mentally ill.





Thursday, November 28, 2019

Is Orthomolecular Treatment a "Snake Oil"?

       In a Wikipedia entry about orthomolecular treatment a pediatrician and author named Julian Haber described the "orthomolecular" approach as "snake oil." I was confused how this statement could be so flippantly asserted. I pondered the substance of this assertion. The I investigated the author of the "snake oil quote" and the person who invented the term "orthomolecular treatment" to compare expertise and perspective.

Pondering the content of the Snake Oil Claim  
       "Snake Oil" alludes to the sale of tonic or organic oil peddled as cure for every ailment described to the gullible, naive  and desperate.  It brings up visions of salesman traveling through the rugged west of the United States stopping at small towns to sell bottles of the liquid to cure baldness, skin rashes, fever, headaches, fungus, swelling, headaches and whatever else might be ailing settlers desperate for any medical supplies.  After the pitch and sales the salesman would pack up his wagon and leave.  He would depart before data was gathered that might discount the claims. and move on to "new markets".  The salesman made money even as the "oil" failed to "cure".  Given the poor state of communication at the time there was little to fear in moving on to the next community.  There was no systematic evaluation of the outcomes available.  Ignorance, lack of data and mystery helped keep the markets available to the salesman here today who was then gone tomorrow.  The ruse was never exposed.
       The "snake oil" analogy appears at odds with orthomolecular approach.  Today orthomolecular approaches are being implemented world wide (though most popular in Australia).  Those using orthomolecular approaches use client interviews and analysis of blood, urine and hair.  This analysis leads to a nutritional program that may meet the needs of a particular individual.  There is no one size fits all vitamin, tonic, pill or powder as touted by the "snake oil salesman".   The Orthomolecular approach uses a variety of nutritional supplements from a variety of sources.  The snake oil salesman sought to avoid discussion of specific mechanisms, study, research or evaluation.  The Orthomolecular approach now has a rich research base with data gleaned from advanced techniques like resonance scanning, radioactive tracers, post facto studies and clinical trials among other techniques.  The data  are published in peer reviewed journals accessible to both the medical community and to the public.  In one example the The Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine has been publishing for over 3o years.  Significant studies in other similar journals are increasingly being cited in medical journals.  Orthomolecular practitioners like  Dr. Walsh, Dr. Mensah, Dr. Selig and many others collect data, publish and train doctors.  These leaders and leading journals do not change names and move on.
      So the suggested parallels between the "snake oil salesman" and the orthomolecular practitioners appears to be lacking substance.  "Name calling" fails to illuminate the differences for those who are ignorant.

  The birth of the orthomolecular medicine 
and the scientist that helped launch this approach.

How do the Authors Compare in Expertise?
      This quote might have one classify the leaders of the orthomolecular treatment movement as untrained and ignorant with little or no credentials selling "snake oil" to the gullible.  Dr. Haber who disparages the Orthomolecular approach is depicted as credentialed and "highly informed".   Dr. Haber had numerous articles and poems published in Good Housekeeping, American Veteran, Critique Magazine, Fort worth Star Telegram, Healthy Kids Magazine, American Family Physician, Di-Verse-City Anthology and Blood and Thunder.   Dr. Haber writes both fiction and non-fiction so he is very articulate (sort of like a snakle oil salesman?)  One wonders how would Dr. Haber compare with the person who coined the term "orthomolecular"?
     The person who coined the term "orthomolecular"  was Dr. Linus Pauling (1901-1994).  In 1954 Dr. Pauling was awarded an unshared Nobel Prize in Chemistry.  He is the undisputed founder of quantum chemistry , molecular biology and was considered a world renowned expert in biological molecules while he was alive.  He  published  over 850 peer reviewed scientific articles and books and 350 other articles and books (but none of them fiction).  Dr. Pauling obtained a B.S. from Oregon State University and his Ph.D. from the California Institute of Technology.   Dr. Pauling  was named one of the 20 greatest scientists of all time and was featured as a scientist "stubbornly ahead of his time" by those who endorsed him in the prominent publication "Scientific American" (1993).
      During the pinnacle of his professional career at age 40 Dr. Pauling was diagnosed with Bright's disease.   This was a serious kidney disease (now called glomerulonephritis) that was fatal with no treatment for renal failure available until  20 years later.  Linus Pauling worked with a nutritionist Thomas Addis, and Ava Helen Pauling as "nutritionist, cook, and eventually as deputy 'doctor'" to manage the disease with a low-protein salt-free diet and vitamin supplements.   Dr. Linus Pauling lived, worked, researched and published another 53 years.  His first success using the orthomolecular approach was very personal.  What one author calls "snake oil" had saved his life.   
     In 1965, Pauling read Niacin Therapy in Psychiatry by Abram Hoffer and theorized vitamins might have important biochemical effects unrelated to their prevention of associated deficiency diseases.  Pauling coined the term "orthomolecular" to refer to the practice of varying the concentration of substances normally present in the body to prevent and treat disease.  In 1968, Pauling published a brief paper in Science entitled "Orthomolecular psychiatry", giving a name to the popular but controversial therapy.  Dr. Pauling speculated that "orthomolecular therapy, the provision for the individual person of the optimum concentrations of important normal constituents of the brain, may be the preferred treatment for many mentally ill patients."   His ideas are not generally practiced by conventional medical professionals, has been strongly criticized BUT since 2005 this approach has spawned increasing numbers of new research in mainstream medical publications with many found in the US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health (with multiple peer reviewed journals).  
      So an author of numerous fiction and non-fiction works is quoted in a manner that depicts a Nobel Science Winner with 1200 non-fiction publications  as a snake oil salesman?

Does Science Change?
     Changes in science disciplines rarely come easy or quickly.  In one example of change it took 70 years and numerous false sightings of a hypothetical planet "Vulcan" to confirm that the planet  did not exist and that General Relativity was more correct than Newtonian gravity.  In another more recent example the geologists who claimed tectonic plates moved entire continents were mocked and deemed incompetent for three decades by fellow professionals until "continental drift" became widely accepted.  In Psychiatry prior to the 1970's mothers of Autistic children were deemed "frigid" and expected to submit children for endless "therapy sessions" for what is now known to be a biological pathology.  In The Broken Brain by Nancy Andreason (MD, PhD, Psychiatric Chair and winner of numerous awards for professional courage) was met with similar skepticism almost 40 years ago and now mainstream psychiatry recognizes that biological pathologies underlie all mental illness.  Times are still changing.  In the same way it appears that Dr. Linus Pauling may be  proving to be "stubbornly ahead of his time"  when it comes to "orthomolecular treatment."
     Mainstream medical research is only recently beginning to recognize the impact of nutrients.  They are years behind but now beginning to see that statistical truth.  Listed below are just a limited sample of recent studies listed at  US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health:

          The impact of Vitamin D; omega fatty acids in studies on schizophrenia and other mental health/neural issues (2015):
           Links with vitamin B12, vitamin D and folic acid blood levels in patients with schizophrenia (May 2019):
          A 2018 study finding links with mental health links to Vitamin C:
     Linus Pauling forfeited incredible income as a spokesman for pharmaceuticals when he took up the orthomolecular cause.  The Wikipedia article may reflect the perspective of pharmaceuticals as sales and public relations persons in industry often edit the content of the articles in Wikipedia.   It is no secret that pharmaceutical  interests  seek to discourage orthomolecular approaches (as orthomolecular approaches offer cures rather than maintenance.)  There may pediatricians like Dr. Julian Haber who may prescribe medications than manage the illness.  The financial model for doctors and pharmaceuticals benefit greatly from long term dependence on medications.    Is it possible that curing a metabolic dysfunction with nutrients aimed at the a cure is not a sustainable economic model?
   

      Below are a sample of studies in the US National Institute of Health ; in other national peer reviewed journals appear to agree with Dr. Linus Pauling:

"with the B vitamin constituents. These conclusions received further support from a more recent study that also demonstrated improved mood following four weeks of supplementation with a multivitamin containing high levels of B vitamins."   
  
"[vitamin] B showed significant improvement on the mental health scale of the SF-36 compared to placebo. "

 "On the basis of current data, we suggest that oral doses of both folic acid (800 microg daily) and vitamin B12 (1 mg daily) should be tried to improve treatment outcome in depression."    

"evidence links low status of folate and the related B-vitamins (and/or elevated concentrations of homocysteine) with a higher risk of degenerative diseases including cardiovascular disease (CVD), cognitive dysfunction and osteoporosis." 

"Current research in psychoneuroimmunology and brain biochemistry indicates the possibility of communication pathways that can provide a clearer understanding of the association between nutritional intake, central nervous system, and immune function thereby influencing an individual's psychological health status. These findings may lead to greater acceptance of the therapeutic value of dietary intervention among health practitioners and health care providers addressing depression and other psychological disorders."

After examining a variety of studies that detail the impact of B and numerous other nutrients this review of studies states:  "As researchers continue to investigate the efficacy of nutritional healing, more and more information will be readily available to those wishing to take a more natural course of therapy. For the time being, we can rely on the already thousands of successful studies that “alternative therapies” need not be an alternative anymore."
  
"On the basis of current data, we suggest that oral doses of both folic acid (800 microg daily) and vitamin B12 (1 mg daily) should be tried to improve treatment outcome in depression."   

Friday, November 22, 2019

Children and Credibility

     One of the most heinous crimes that evokes instant emotional outrage in today's society is the abuse of a child.  No child should ever have to suffer harm or horrid abuse as a victim to predators, perpetrators or serial abusers with no conscience.  When such an event happens it only makes sense to exact the highest degree of restraint and punitive actions available.
      Children are mentally undeveloped, physiologically vulnerable, innocent, naive and easily manipulated.  Scientist are aware that children are highly vulnerable to suggestion, deception and manipulation.  While we wish we could always believe them the adults in the room should treat them with respect but always seek verification.
      There is a very dangerous flip side to the desire to protect children cited above.  The emotional switch to protect children can be used to quickly garner attention, gain leverage, accuse, convict and then imprison innocent people.  This switch is used for a variety of reasons by parents in a custody battle, by prosecutors looking for an easy cheap conviction (especially it the falsely accused is unable to afford expert defense) or by investigators looking to enhance professional standing.  The media often piles on eager to garner attention, increase readership by eliciting strong emotions with lurid and horrid depictions.  Truth and fairness is hardly important among those clamoring to protect children. The motivation for using children and accusations for profit or professional gian is often rewarded.  The false conviction rates due to what the National Center for Reason and Justice  calls "the child-protection panic" are extremely high. 
       Placing the descriptor "credible" prior to the noun "accusation" lends a weight or credence to any accusation, true or not, of any heinous, lurid or horrid crime no matter how bizarre.  A successful investigator has been described as a person who "will always get the man responsible".  Below are a sample of typical "credible accusations" by children that have resulted in agreed upon injustices.  Many innocents still languish in prison but it is refreshing when authorities are able to recognize truth and foster justice.
Children are Always Truthful and Credible
      A four year old child was an eye witness able to identify the perpetrator of the rape and murder of his mother.  Most assume that a child is truthful, has no reason to lie and may even have a better memory than adults who are often confused by the myriad details of life .  A child assisted by state experts, skilled police interrogators and seasoned prosecutors generated a "credible accusation" of Phillip Bivens 18 months after the crime.  While in custody Mr. Bivens found himself under incredible pressure and was threatened with the death penalty if he continued to insist on his innocence and went to trial.  Mr. Bivens pondered the image of a tearful child fingering him in front of a jury for the brutal crime against his mother.  Fearful for his life Mr. Bivens offered a confession.  He served three decades in Mississippi prisons before his case was selected by the "Innocence Project" for Review.  Luckily the material evidence (clothing) collected from the crime scene was not destroyed and was then analyzed for the presence of  DNA.   Mr. Bivens DNA was on none of the items found on or in the vicinity of the victim.  DNA on the clothing did identify the actual perpetrator, a serial rapist convicted in other cases.  Thanks to the Innocence Project the true perpetrator subsequently confessed and was convicted for that crime.  Mr. Bivens had served 30 years in prison prior to his exoneration.  The "credible accusation" could have killed him but Mr. Bivens decision to create a confession to a crime he never committed likely saved his life.

Father Imprisoned Using False Accusations
     It it true that a dedicated father can spend decades in prison for false allegations without any physical evidence?   Unfortunately the answer is a resounding YES.  The video above is just one story.  Many similar cases are never resolved truthfully.
     In this story accusations against the father arose in the midst of dispute during a divorce (very common).  Three children were coaxed into accusing the father using known suggestive techniques.  Eventually the children, after they became adults, understood that the accusations they were coaxed into by police and child protection services were false.  They also came to understand that this was the reason for their "missing father" which had left them confused. 
      The children had no idea what happened to the father over a twenty year period.  The father  and was NOT allowed to communicate with them in any form. The truth came out when the "child accusers" (now adults) learned that the stories the police helped them "form" with dolls never really happened. The video of the doll playing was going to be used against the father.  The father was freed after the adult children found out he was in prison due to this videoed game playing.  His adult offspring told the courts that the stories made up were not true.  The father had, by then, spent over 20 years in prison for something he never did.
      This case is not an exception to the competent work of child protective services, dedicated and informed detectives and prosecutors interested in justice.  This story demonstrates how the "hero" complex can drive counselors, police and investigators to use and manipulate children unknowingly.  Prosecutors who are measured by convictions, guilty pleas and average prison length are very willing to use process crimes, pressure witnesses. manipulate children and imprison the innocent if it helps build their resume and career.  




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Further Reading:

American Psychological Association. 2001. Understanding Child Sexual Abuse

Baker, Robert A. Hidden Memories: Voices and Visions From Within (Buffalo, N.Y. : Prometheus Books, 1992.).

Crews, Frederick. (1997). Memory Wars: Freud's Legacy in Dispute. New York Review of Books Reprint Edition.

Dawes,Robyn M. Everyday Irrationality : How Pseudo Scientists, Lunatics, and the Rest of Us Systematically Fail to Think Rationally (Westview Press, 2001).

Erwin, Edward. (1995). A Final Accounting: Philosophical and Empirical Issues in Freudian Psychology. MIT Press.

Gardner, Martin. (2006). "The Memory Wars."Skeptical Inquirer. Part 1 is in vol. 30 no. 1, parts 2 and 3 are in vol. 30 no. 2.

Goldstein. Eleanor C. (1992). Confabulations: Creating False Memories, Destroying Families. Sirs.

de Rivera, Joseph. "'Trauma searches' plant the seed of imagined misery," The Sacramento Bee, May 18, 1993.

Hallinan, Joseph T. "Money for repressed memories repressed," Sacramento Bee, Jan. 12, 1997, Forum.

Johnson, M.K. et al. "Source Monitoring,"Psychological Bulletin, 114, 3-28.

Johnston, Moira. Spectral Evidence: The Ramona Case: Incest, Memory, and Truth on Trial in Napa Valley (Westview Press, 1999).

Loftus, Elizabeth and Katherine Ketcham. The Myth of Repressed Memory (New York: St. Martin's, 1994).

Mullen Paul E. and Jillian Fleming. 1998. "Long-term Effects of Child Sexual Abuse"

Ofshe, Richard and Ethan Watters. Making Monsters: False Memories, Psychotherapy, and Sexual Hysteria (New York: Scribner's, 1994).

Pendergrast, Mark. Victims of Memory : Sex Abuse Accusations and Shattered Lives 2nd ed. (Upper Access Book Publishers, 1996).

Schacter, Daniel L., editor, Memory Distortion: How Minds, Brains, and Societies Reconstruct the Past(Harvard University Press, 1997).

Schacter, Daniel L. Searching for Memory - the brain, the mind, and the past (New York: Basic Books, 1996).

Singer, Margaret Thaler and Janja Lalich. Crazy Therapies (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, Inc., 1996). Review of "Crazy" Therapies

Tavris, Carol. "Hysteria and the incest-survivor machine," Sacramento Bee, Forum section, January 17, 1993.

Wakefield, Hollida and Ralph Underwager. Return of the Furies - An Investigation into Recovered Memory Therapy (Peru, Illinois: Open Court Publishing Co., 1994).

"Debunking Myths About Trauma and Memory," (2005). Richard J. McNally, Ph.D. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, Vol 50, No 13, November.

My review of Crazy Therapies by Singer & Lalich

StopBadTherapy.com

Twelve Myths about False Memories

Mass Media Funk: Study shows the longer one is in RMT, the more disabled one becomes

Statements by Professional Organizations on recovered memory therapy

"Truth or invention: exploring the repressed memory syndrome" excerpt from The Myth of Repressed Memory by ElizabethLoftus and Katherine Ketcham

"Remembering Dangerously" by Elizabeth Loftus

False Memory Syndrome Foundation WWW Page

Recovered Memories or Modern Witch Hunt? by Douglas E. Hill

Recovered Memory Therapy and False Memory Syndrome by John Hochman, M.D.

"First of All, Do No Harm" A Recovered Memory Therapist Recants An Interview With Robin Newsome By Mark Pendergrast

Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance: repressed memory therapy page

"Recovered Memories of Abuse: Assessment, Therapy, Forensics," By Kenneth S. Pope, Ph.D., ABPP and Laura S. Brown, Ph.D., ABPP

"Recovered Memories of Sexual Abuse: Scientific Research & Scholarly Resources" By Jim Hopper, Ph.D.

Lisa Nasseff claims therapist Mark Schwartz brainwashed her A woman is suing a St. Louis therapist, claiming he hypnotized her into falsely believing she had been a part of a satanic cult, had multiple personalities, and had taken part in satanic rituals.

Back to Salem: Paul Shanley and the Return of "Recovered Memory" by Alexander Cockburn

Exonerating the Friedmans by Chris Mooney

    

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Experts Comment on Repressed Memories

       Recognized experts in psychology, psychiatry, legal and journalistic professions have carefully examined the "memory recovery techniques" and the idea of "repressed memories" since the 1990's.  Below are a few of the comments by the most widely recognized experts (each expert is credited with over 100 peer reviewed publications).  Legal experts in criminal law (US Federal courts) and civil lawyer (who also has a doctorate in psychology) are also quoted.

       Professional trauma memory researchers Steven Jay Lynne, PhD, James Evans, MS, Jean-Roch Laurence, PhD and Scott O Lilienfeld, PhD (from different reputable accredited Universities) performed a survey of practitioners and the general public about trauma and memory.  They jointly wrote a summary of three decades of research on memory and trauma and showed in the results of the survey that the practitioners and the general public were largely ignorant of what the science says about memory recovery (Can J Psychiatry. 2015 Dec; 60(12): 541–547).  The authors conclude that:
     "Beliefs can create reality. To the extent that laypeople—many of whom obtain psychotherapy—and mental health professionals hold outdated and poorly supported beliefs regarding the nature of human memory, mental health consumers and their loved ones will inevitably be exposed to psychological risk. In particular, many false beliefs about memory may contribute to the use of suggestive interventions geared to the recovery of repressed memories. These techniques include repeated prompting of memories, guided imagery, and hypnosis and hypnotic and nonhypnotic age regression". 

       Dr. James McGaugh from the University of California, Irvine. His expertise in the area of memory was once profiled on CBS’ 60 Minutes program. Dr. McGaugh said in a 2010 book:
     “I do not believe there’s such a thing as repressed memory. I haven’t seen a single instance in which a memory was completely repressed and popped up again." In a conversation he was quoted as saying “I go on science, not fads. And there’s absolutely no proof that it can happen. Zero. None. Niente. Nada. All my research says that strong emotional experiences leave emotionally strong memories. Being sexually molested would certainly qualify.”

       Dr. Richard J. McNally is a Professor and Director of Clinical Training in the Department of Psychology at Harvard University (world’s leading expert with OVER 250 peer reviewed publications on memory and trauma to his credit). In a 2005 letter to the California Supreme Court, Dr. McNally asserted:
     “The notion that traumatic events can be repressed and later recovered is the most pernicious bit of folklore ever to infect psychology and psychiatry. It has provided the theoretical basis for ‘recovered memory therapy’ — the worst catastrophe to befall the mental health field since the lobotomy era.
     Victim advocates will often vehemently complain to writers and editors of media where the truth about repressed memories is depicted. These attackers will falsely claim that there is a legitimate other side to this issue. There isn't. The public should be very aware of this. ”

       Dr. Grant Devilly, from the Psychological Health research unit at Griffith University (an expert in trauma and memory) says (in 2005) that: 

      "Memories of terrifying experiences work in the opposite manner of repressed memory theory. People rather wish they could forget their traumatic experiences. It’s the opposite. They wish they couldn’t think about it.”

       Dr. Elizabeth Loftus (University of California Irvine) has done many hundreds of peer reviewed psychological studies over the last three decades. Some of her are considered "landmark cases" in the field of memory because they are cited so often. She is a highly sought after expert witness and author of numerous books and articles which have been cited by courts at the highest state and national levels. She has won numerous awards for her courage and integrity. Dr. Loftus has personally witnessed innocent people, often with no previous record of any type, suddenly face accusations of heinous crimes decades earlier with no physical evidence and then sued, legally harassed and sometimes imprisoned. She shares insights based on her knowledge and experience:

     "...when I first started my trial work (as an expert in memory) I thought that there might be something to this idea of "repressed memories" and it seemed reasonable to assume that people could suppress some horrid memory that later might be recalled in detail.  I am now convinced that repressed memory is a myth many believe in despite the overwhelming evidence that repressed memories are false memories." (1998)
     "...In real life, as well as in experiments, people can come to believe things that never really happened." (2001)
     "...Just because someone thinks they remember something in detail, with confidence and with emotion, does not mean that it actually happened, False memories have these characteristics too." (2003)
     "...You can’t be raped for 10 years and not remember it. Yet, according to the repression aficionados, anything's possible." (2005)


       Dr. Chris R. Brewin in the New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry. Edited, Oxford University Press, (2000), Pages 771-774 is recognized as an authority on repressed memories and recovered memory therapy states:
     "Proponents of 'recovered memory therapy' are now almost impossible to find within the ranks of leading psychiatrists and psychologists...Second, good practice now requires both the therapist and the client to adopt a critical attitude towards any apparent memory that is recovered after a period of amnesia, whether or not this is within a therapeutic context, and not to assume that it necessarily corresponds to a true event."

       Sydney Brandon, M.D.
 (Psychiatrist and researcher) in the peer reviewed British Journal of Psychiatry (April 1998, p. 302) writes:
     "Despite widespread....popular belief that memories can be 'blocked out' by the mind, no empirical evidence exists to support either repression or dissociation."

       Dr. Richard Ofshe, a social psychologist at the University of California, Berkeley who has extensively researched and written numerous books, articles and peer reviewed studies on the subject of "repressed memory" stated in 1997:
     "Recovered memory therapy will come to be recognized as the quackery of the 20th century." 

       Dr. Daniel Schacter (Professor of Psychology at Harvard University) states (1996):
     "...the phenomenon of memory repression, and the process of therapy used in these cases to recover the memories, have not gained acceptance in the field of psychology, and are not scientifically reliable." 

The quotes above were gleaned from respected researchers who have done or been involved in thousands peer reviewed studies at accredited institutions.    What few proponents there are in the field of "dissociated amnesia" or "recovered memories" are typically those who (1) have no degree in psychology/psychiatry from accredited programs and (2) do not take part in publicized peer reviewed studies that allow for official review and feedback.  


In addition there are legal and professional investigators with insights and impact:

       A Ruling  by the 2nd Federal Circuit Court overturned all convictions and ordered a review of all plea bargains that in any way use "repressed memories" as evidence (Friedmand 2010.)  That ruling was allowed to stand by the United States Supreme Court. In that ruling the justices stated
       "...Popular memory recovery procedures included hypnosis [including entranced states, blackouts and flashbacks], age regression, dream interpretation, guided abuse-related imagery, use of photographs to trigger memories, journaling, and interpretation of symptoms as implicit memories. These procedures and others commonly employed have great potential to induce false memories. Hypnosis, for example, has been shown to produce bizarre and impossible memories, including memories of ritualistic satanic abuse, memories from early infancy, memories from past lives, and memories from the future. The prevailing view is that the vast majority of traumatic memories that are recovered through the use of suggestive recovery procedures are false....."

       Dr. Barden has a doctorate in psychology and is also a lawyer with numerous large judgments against institutions that once used "repressed memories" to treat patients. Dr. Barden (1999) states:
     "Reform efforts have intensified...as thousands of U.S. families were destroyed by increasingly bizarre psychotherapies. The most damaging of these quack treatments involved the controversial and unscientific notion of "repressed memories" of childhood abuse. Using well known methods of brainwashing and coercion, irresponsible and often disturbed therapists convinced thousands of vulnerable patients that they had been horribly abused as children."

       Alan Gold, president of the Criminal Lawyers Association in Canada says
     "Repressed memories (recovered memories) are joining electroshock, lobotomies and other psychiatric malpractice in the historical dustbin." 

       Respected researcher and journalist Rebecca Meiser, states:
     "...memories, by nature, are fluid and malleable, easily influenced by suggestion. People told they were abused eventually believe that they were, regardless of fact. The mind creates a visual picture of the abusive act. And if a person is surrounded by others who encourage her to draw out these pictures and details, this new memory can become even more vivid than an actual remembrance. To complicate things further, the brain starts creating emotional responses to these memories, which seem to validate the claims even more."

             Dr. Harrison Pope has conducted research in a wide range of areas in psychiatry and has authored more than 300 peer-reviewed papers. Dr. Pope is also a well-recognized clinician with decades of experience in treating patients with psychiatric disorders, including patients with severe mood disorders and psychotic disorders.
     "A 'Repressed memory' is not an instance where an abused individual minimizes the awful harm being done by not confronting the perpetrator. This is an example of the typical actual abuse that is often revealed later. That abuse is, sadly, REMEMBERED all along. It was never "repressed."

Dr. Pope writes:

In Freud's theory of "repression" the mind automatically banishes traumatic events from memory to prevent overwhelming anxiety. Freud further theorized that repressed memories cause "neurosis," which could be cured if the memories were made conscious. While all this is taught in introductory psychology courses and has been taken by novelists and screenwriters to be a truism, Freud's repression theory has never been verified by rigorous scientific proof. --John Hockmann

Repressed memory therapy (RMT) is a type of psychotherapy that assumes that problems such as bulimia, depression, sexual inhibition, insomnia, excessive anxiety, etc., are due to unconsciously repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse. RMT assumes that a healthy psychological state can be restored only by recovering and facing these repressed memories of sexual abuse.

Any amount of sexual abuse of children is intolerable. Let me remind the reader that this article is about a particular type of therapy, not an article about sexual abuse. There are many people who suffer physical and psychological damage as a result of having been abused and many of these have been helped by good therapists. As Esther Giller notes: "More disturbance is associated with more severe abuse" and some research indicates that "at least 40% of all psychiatric inpatients have histories of sexual abuse in childhood" (Giller n.d.). Nevertheless, there is little scientific evidence supporting the notion that childhood sexual abuse almost always causes psychological problems in adults:

Research shows that about 1/3 of sexually abused children have no symptoms and a large proportion that do become symptomatic are able to recover. Fewer than 1/5 of adults who were abused in childhood show serious psychological disturbance. (Giller n.d.; Mullen and Fleming 1998; see also the American Psychological Association's Understanding Child Sexual Abuse.)

There is also little scientific evidence supporting the notions that memories of childhood sexual abuse are unconsciously repressed or that recovering repressed memories of abuse leads to significant improvement in one's psychological health and stability.

The Royal College of Psychiatrists in Britain has officially banned its members from using therapies designed to recover repressed memories of childhood abuse. 
The British Psychological Society, on the other hand, does not ban its members from such therapy, but in a 1995 report urged them to "avoid drawing premature conclusions about memories recovered during therapy." The report noted that a patient's recovered memory may be metaphorical or emanate from dreams or fantasies. The report also denied that there is any evidence suggesting that therapists are widely creating false memories of abuse in their patients, a charge levied by members of the False Memory Syndrome Foundation.

In the U.S.A., The American Psychological Association's Working Group on the Investigation of Memories of Childhood Abuse issued its final report in 1998. The report notes that recovered memory, if it exists, is rare.  It also states that 

       "there is a consensus among memory researchers and clinicians that most people who were sexually abused as children remember all or part of what happened to them although they may not fully understand or disclose it....At this point," according to the APA, "it is impossible, without other corroborative evidence, to distinguish a true memory from a false one." 
       Thus, says the APA report, a "competent psychotherapist is likely to acknowledge that current knowledge does not allow the definite conclusion that a memory is real or false without other corroborating evidence."


The Recovered Memory Therapy (RMT) "checklist"

Many of the more prominent RMT advocates use a checklist approach to diagnose repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse as the cause of a patient's problems, despite the fact that "there is no single set of symptoms which automatically indicates that a person was a victim of childhood abuse" (APA report). Works on child abuse promoting such a notion have been very popular among therapists and talk show hosts featuring Ellen Bass, Laura Davis (The Courage to Heal), Wendy Maltz, Beverly Holman, Beverly Engel, Mary Jane Williams and E. Sue Blume. Through communal reinforcement many empirically unsupported notions, including the claim that about half of all women have been sexually abused, get treated as facts by many people.  


       Dr. Carol Tavris writes 
     "In what can only be called an incestuous arrangement, the authors of these books all rely on one another's work as supporting evidence for their own; they all endorse and recommend one another's books to their readers. If one of them comes up with a concocted statistic--such as "more than half of all women are survivors of childhood sexual trauma"--the numbers are traded like baseball cards, reprinted in every book and eventually enshrined as fact. Thus the cycle of misinformation, faulty statistics and invalidated assertions maintains itself."

One significant difference between this group of experts and, say, a group of physicists is that the child abuse experts have achieved their status as authorities not by scientific training but by either (a) experience [they were victims of child abuse or they treat victims of child abuse in their capacity as social workers], or (b) they wrote a book on child abuse. The child abuse experts aren't trained in scientific research, which, notes Tavris, "is not a comment on their ability to write or to do therapy, but which does seem to be one reason for their scientific illiteracy."

Here are a few of the unproved, unscientifically researched notions that are being bandied about by these child abuse experts: (1) If you doubt that you were abused as a child or think that it might be your imagination, this is a sign of "post-incest syndrome" [Blume]. (2) If you can't remember any specific instances of being abused, but still have a feeling that something abusive happened to you, "it probably did" [Bass and Davis]. (3) When a person can't remember his or her childhood or has very fuzzy memories "incest must always be considered a possibility" [Maltz and Holman]. (4) "If you have any suspicion at all, if you have any memory, no matter how vague, it probably really happened. It is far more likely that you are blocking the memories, denying it happened" [Engel].

As a point of reference, the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics reports that a survey done of female state prison inmates in 1996-97 found that some 36 percent said they had been sexually or physically abused at age 17 or younger. The terms 'sexual abuse' and 'physical abuse' were not clearly defined; however, one-third reported they had been raped before incarceration. By comparison, 16 studies of child abuse in the general population found that from 12 percent to 17 percent reported they had been "abused" as children.

[Dr. Pope concludes]
       "Furthermore, people who have experienced traumatic events usually do not forget them.* Severely traumatic experiences are typically forgotten only if (a) the person is rendered unconscious at the time of the trauma; (b) the person is brain damaged before or by the trauma; or (c) the person is too young to make the necessary neural connections needed for long-term memory. Memories are not stored in some mysterious dark cellar, but in a complex network of neural connections involving several parts of the brain. Memories are lost because neural connections are lost, not because some homunculus stores them in the basement of the mind and lets them haunt the people upstairs in the room where clear consciousness dwells."

memory and repression?

Before discussing the methods and techniques of RMT, it should be noted that very few recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse first occur spontaneously. When they do, they are usually more likely to be corroborated by evidence than those evoked in RMT therapy.  In fact, in some cases corroborative evidence serves as the retrieval cue for the repressed memory.  RMT, however, seems to be able to produce recovered memories of sexual abuse in most of its clients.  To those practicing RMT, this is proof of its power and effectiveness.  To skeptical critics this is warning sign: the memories are confabulations suggested by prodding, suggestive therapy.

Daniel Schacter notes that the scientific evidence for repression is weak. Even weaker is the evidence that specific disorders are caused by repression. He notes the case of a rape victim who could not remember the rape, which took place on a brick pathway. The words 'brick' and 'path' kept popping into her mind, but she did not connect them to the rape. And she became very upset when taken back to the scene of the rape, though she didn't remember what had happened there (Schacter 1996, 232). One could posit that the victim really does have a full-fledged memory of the rape, but she has repressed it. Hypnosis could help bring forth this repressed memory. However, hypnosis or other methods starting with this assumption are risky as well as unfounded. The concept of implicit memory, i.e., memory without awareness, which is due to the fact that some neural connections have been made during a trauma, but not enough for a full-fledged recollection, could explain this rape victim's incomplete memory without assuming that she was recording memories while she was unconscious. The concept of implicit memory explains everything that is known about memory without making assumptions about what is not known.

Furthermore, even if traumatic memories are repressed sometimes, they are probably done so consciously and deliberately. Many of us choose not to dwell on unpleasant experiences and make a determined effort to wipe them from our memories as far as possible. We hardly desire some hypnotist or therapist to dredge up memories of experiences we've chosen to forget. In short, limited amnesia is best explained neurologically, not metaphysically. We forget things either because we never encoded them strongly enough in the first place or because neural connections have been destroyed or because we choose to forget them.


Recovered Memory Therapy (RMT) techniques

RMT uses a variety of methods--including hypnosis, visualization, group therapy, and trance writing--to assist the patient in 'remembering' the traumatic event. Hypnosis is risky because it is easy to lead and encourage the patient by suggestive or leading questions. Trance writing has never been proven to have any therapeutic value (Schacter 1996, 271). Group therapy, on the other hand, can become communal reinforcement of delusions, if the therapist is not careful. People in the group can encourage others to share bizarre tales without fear of ridicule. The group might not originate the repressed memory, but they might facilitate the birth and nourish the growth of horrendous fantasies.

Using guided imagery or visualization in therapy can also be dangerous. Sherri Hines describes how her therapist used this method to help her retrieve a memory of being abused by her father:

My father would give me a bath and he used to draw on the mirror, draw on the steam, and he would draw cartoon characters. And that was the seed for a memory; we would start with that.

And [my therapist] would tell me, 'You're in the bathtub. Your dad is there. He's drawing in the mirror. What is he drawing?' Then he'd say, 'OK, now your father's coming over toward you in the bathtub. He's reaching out to touch you. Where is he touching you?' And that's how the memories were created (Hallinan 1997).

Hines came to believe she was molested by her father and became so depressed she attempted suicide. She is now out of therapy and believes the memories were false and created in therapy.

The case of Diana Halbrook also brings into question the reliability of RMT methods.  In a trance writing session, Halbrook had written that her father had molested her.  This was shocking news to her! She went into group therapy and heard bizarre tales of satanic ritual sacrifices. Soon the same kinds of bizarre events appeared in her trance writings, including the recovered memory that she'd killed a baby.

Because Diana Halbrook's ritual abuse memories seems so outlandish, her doubts about the reality of these and her other recovered recollections continued to grow. But these doubts met resistance from the people in her support group and her therapist. "I continually questioned the memories, doubted them, but when I questioned the therapist, he would yell at me, tell me I wasn't giving my 'little girl within' the benefit of the doubt. Tell me that I was in denial. I didn't know what to believe. But I trusted him" (Schacter 1996, 269).

Halbrook got out of the therapy, characterized by Daniel Schacter as "toxic," and no longer believes the outlandish memories. Schacter comments that "the most reasonable interpretation is that the events [recovered in therapy] do not have any basis in reality."


Each of the various methods described above has been very successful in getting patients to "remember" many things of which they were unaware before therapy. The "memories" include not just memories of being sexually abused as children, but of some very bizarre things, such as being abducted by aliens for sexual experimentation or breeding, being forced to participate in satanic rituals, or being traumatized in a past life.

Psychologist Joseph de Rivera claims that in RMT "rather than help the patient separate truth from fantasy, the therapist encourages the patient to 'remember' more about the alleged trauma. And when the patient has an image--a dream or a feeling that something may have happened--the therapist is encouraged, praises the patient's efforts and assures him or her that it really did happen." This kind of therapy, he says, "confuses the differences between real and fantasized abuse and encourages destruction of families" (de Rivera 1993).

The False Memory Syndrome Foundation claims to have hundreds of such cases on file. Several cases have gone to court and therapists have been found liable for the harm caused by planting false memories. Despite the claims of hundreds of successful expeditions to recover lost memories by RMT therapists, some judges will not accept memories recovered in therapy as evidence. Judge William J. Groff of New Jersey wrote in case he heard in 1995 that

...the phenomenon of memory repression, and the process of therapy used in these cases to recover the memories, have not gained acceptance in the field of psychology, and are not scientifically reliable (quoted in Schacter 1996, 267).

It is true that another New Jersey judge, Linda Dalianas, did allow such testimony in a later case but she also stated that

...[t]he Court will not allow expert evidence regarding either the process or the plausibility of 'recovering' an allegedly repressed memory, because the experts have not offered any data either supporting or refuting any theory of how or whether a 'lost' memory might be recovered (Schacter 1996, 267).

In California, where a recovered memory not only was allowed but served as the basis for a murder conviction, the case was eventually overturned because of failure to reveal to the jury that the source of nearly every detail remembered about the murder could have been readily accessible newspaper accounts. It was also revealed that the person who claimed she had had a spontaneous flashback of the crime lied about that, as well as about whether she had recovered her memories of the crime during hypnotherapy.


Are RMT therapists creating false memories of abuse?


"The Memory Wars" is the apt title of Daniel Schacter's chapter on repressed memory in his 1996 book Searching for Memory. To enter the controversy over repressed memory and the psychotherapies used to "recover" memories of childhood sexual abuse is to enter a war zone.  On the one side--The Recovered Memory side--are those who maintain that patients with certain kinds of physical and mental disorders have repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse which must be recovered during therapy.  The other side--The False Memory side--maintain that the memories recovered in therapy are not recollections of actual childhood sexual abuse but are constructed memories built out of materials suggested to the patient or implanted by the therapist during therapy.

On the recovered memory side are Lenore Terr, Laura Brown, Kenneth Pope, Laura Davis, and Ellen Bass among others.   On the False Memory side are Elizabeth Loftus, Carol Tavris, Richard Ofshe and the False Memory Syndrome Foundation, among others.  Opponents in this war are not seen as colleagues in quest of the same truth, but as demons, villains or frauds.  Schacter seems to tiptoe on glass as he presents what is known, not known, guessed at, etc., in this area.  His conclusions seem pretty weak, if not contradictory, given the evidence he presents (272).

First, there is no conclusive scientific evidence from controlled research that false memories of sexual abuse can be created--nor will such evidence ever exist, because of ethical considerations. Second, there is likewise no definitive scientific evidence showing that therapy per se or specific suggestive techniques are alone responsible for the creation of inaccurate memories. Third, several separate strands, when considered together, support the conclusion that some therapists have helped to create illusory recollections of sexual abuse....

On the other hand, Schacter presents strong evidence from controlled research that memories can be created, and he makes a strong argument that repression, the conceptual basis for RMT, has little scientific support.  This concept has widespread acceptance in the psychological and psychiatric communities--as does the related theory of dissociation--but scientific studies demonstrating such mechanisms are lacking.  Those in the RMT movement begin with the assumption that the demonstration of any of a number of symptoms is evidence of childhood sexual abuse. Many of the symptoms would not necessarily indicate any deep psychological problems, much less a traumatic source.  Many could be symptomatic of a number of disorders having no basis in sexual trauma.  Therapists who assume their patients have been sexually molested, and assume that any memories they have, no matter how fantastic or delusional, are either accurate memories of abuse or symbolic of abuse, do not need to plant memories in their patients to find that they've been abused.  The therapists have determined a priori that whatever mental artifacts they uncover will lead the way to childhood sexual abuse as the cause of their patient's problems.

Studies by Marcia Johnson et al. have shown that the ability to distinguish memory from imagination depends on the recall of source information (Schacter 1996, 116). Thus recovered memories of abuse might be very vivid and accurate in many details, but incorrect about the source of the memory.  For example, in the case of Diana Halbrook it is very probable that the source of her satanic ritual memories is to be found in her group therapy.

memories of abuse as symbolic


One thing the RMT group has accomplished in these Memory Wars is to divert attention from the questionable mechanism of repression and their predetermined, unscientific methods of interpreting symbolic meanings of recollections, to the issue of whether the RMT therapists are planting memories in their patients. This was not intentional, but the result of a number of lawsuits against RMT therapists by former patients, all of whom recanted the memories of childhood abuse uncovered in therapy and blamed their therapists for ruining their lives by planting false memories of abuse in their minds. But the issue over whether a particular memory has been planted by a particular therapist is mainly of importance because the alleged memories are of horrible things and they are very disruptive and destructive of peoples' lives. If therapists were planting all kinds of good memories in patients' minds, helping them enjoy more satisfying lives and relationships, it is doubtful that there would be such an uproar.

Some of the memories recovered in RMT are extraordinarily bizarre, so bizarre that one would think that a reasonable person could hardly take them at face value. But RMT therapists are not put off by bizarre "recollections." They either take them at face value (as John Mack did of his alien abduction patients and others do when interrogating children). Or they take them as "artifacts" of the mind, which therapists must analyze as if they were archaeologists who must infer the real truth from the artifacts. Or they take fantastic memories as symbolic of real experiences.

Laura Brown, for example, a Seattle psychologist in the forefront of RMT says that fantastic memories are "perhaps coded or symbolic versions of what really happened." What really happened, she's sure, was sexual abuse in childhood. "Who knows what pedophiles have done that gets reported out later as satanic rituals and cannibalistic orgies?" asks Dr. Brown (Hallinan 1997).

In the past, Brown has criticized the False Memory Syndrome Foundation for being unscientific, but her emphasis on the symbolic nature of fantastic memories has little scientific credibility itself. Where is the scientific evidence that a fantastic memory can be distinguished from a delusion? How do we distinguish memories of real cannibalism from symbolic memories? We usually know what a crucifix or a swastika symbolizes, but what does eating an infant symbolize? Symbols might be ambiguous. How can we be sure that a memory is a symbol of child abuse and not of adult abuse by co-workers, or by other children who tormented the patient years ago, or by the therapist him- or herself? How can we be sure it is not a symbol of self-abuse? How can we be sure it is a symbol of any kind of abuse at all? What would distinguish a symbol of abuse from a symbol of fear of abuse? For that matter, what would distinguish a symbolic representation of fear of being abused from one representing fear of abusing someone else in the present, or a regret of having abused someone else in the past? The dangers and imminent probabilities of misinterpretation of symbolic memories should be obvious, especially when it is not always that clear that a memory really is a symbolic expression at all.

Are we to accept without question the notion that any memory, true or false, reflects some truth, objective or subjective, which only the trained therapist can determine? That seems to be the view of some RMT advocates. If so, we are being asked to accept mysticism instead of science. How could one possibly disprove the claim that a memory which is incredible on its face is a symbolic message? Can anyone imagine any empirical test for this notion? If the issue were simply whether a memory is accurate, there would be some hope of establishing in some cases that the probability is that the memory is true or that it is false. But if the issue is whether a memory has a meaning, that point will probably soon be granted, since we don't like to think of ourselves as doing anything without there being some reason for it.

How do we determine the real reason for a confabulation? Don't therapists and those of us who interpret memories or dreams become storytellers ourselves? As storytellers, isn't it reasonable to assume that our stories may not be literally true, but are symbolic and must be interpreted by another storyteller, ad infinitum? Perhaps "repression" is not to be taken literally, but symbolically. Perhaps each therapist must develop a subjective truth for concepts such as "repression" and "therapy." If this is so, then therapy is a dangerous weapon to be feared by everybody rather than a blessing to be sought by those with psychological problems. History is replete with examples of what happens when any group of authorities do not have to answer to empirical evidence but are free to define truth as they see fit. None of the examples has a happy ending. Why should it be otherwise with therapy?
 

Original article found 4/10/2016 at:
http://skepdic.com/repress.html 


An Excellent Presentation on the Topic:


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Further Reading:


American Psychological Association. 2001. Understanding Child Sexual Abuse

Baker, Robert A. Hidden Memories: Voices and Visions From Within (Buffalo, N.Y. : Prometheus Books, 1992.).

Crews, Frederick. (1997). Memory Wars: Freud's Legacy in Dispute. New York Review of Books Reprint Edition.

Dawes,Robyn M. Everyday Irrationality : How Pseudo Scientists, Lunatics, and the Rest of Us Systematically Fail to Think Rationally (Westview Press, 2001).

Erwin, Edward. (1995). A Final Accounting: Philosophical and Empirical Issues in Freudian Psychology. MIT Press.

Gardner, Martin. (2006). "The Memory Wars."Skeptical Inquirer. Part 1 is in vol. 30 no. 1, parts 2 and 3 are in vol. 30 no. 2.

Goldstein. Eleanor C. (1992). Confabulations: Creating False Memories, Destroying Families. Sirs.

de Rivera, Joseph. "'Trauma searches' plant the seed of imagined misery," The Sacramento Bee, May 18, 1993.

Hallinan, Joseph T. "Money for repressed memories repressed," Sacramento Bee, Jan. 12, 1997, Forum.

Johnson, M.K. et al. "Source Monitoring,"Psychological Bulletin, 114, 3-28.

Johnston, Moira. Spectral Evidence: The Ramona Case: Incest, Memory, and Truth on Trial in Napa Valley (Westview Press, 1999).

Loftus, Elizabeth and Katherine Ketcham. The Myth of Repressed Memory (New York: St. Martin's, 1994).

Mullen Paul E. and Jillian Fleming. 1998. "Long-term Effects of Child Sexual Abuse"

Ofshe, Richard and Ethan Watters. Making Monsters: False Memories, Psychotherapy, and Sexual Hysteria (New York: Scribner's, 1994).

Pendergrast, Mark. Victims of Memory : Sex Abuse Accusations and Shattered Lives 2nd ed. (Upper Access Book Publishers, 1996).

Schacter, Daniel L., editor, Memory Distortion: How Minds, Brains, and Societies Reconstruct the Past(Harvard University Press, 1997).

Schacter, Daniel L. Searching for Memory - the brain, the mind, and the past (New York: Basic Books, 1996).

Singer, Margaret Thaler and Janja Lalich. Crazy Therapies (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, Inc., 1996). Review of "Crazy" Therapies

Tavris, Carol. "Hysteria and the incest-survivor machine," Sacramento Bee, Forum section, January 17, 1993.

Wakefield, Hollida and Ralph Underwager. Return of the Furies - An Investigation into Recovered Memory Therapy (Peru, Illinois: Open Court Publishing Co., 1994).

"Debunking Myths About Trauma and Memory," (2005). Richard J. McNally, Ph.D. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, Vol 50, No 13, November.

My review of Crazy Therapies by Singer & Lalich

StopBadTherapy.com

Twelve Myths about False Memories

Mass Media Funk: Study shows the longer one is in RMT, the more disabled one becomes

Statements by Professional Organizations on recovered memory therapy

"Truth or invention: exploring the repressed memory syndrome" excerpt from The Myth of Repressed Memory by ElizabethLoftus and Katherine Ketcham

"Remembering Dangerously" by Elizabeth Loftus

False Memory Syndrome Foundation WWW Page

Recovered Memories or Modern Witch Hunt? by Douglas E. Hill

Recovered Memory Therapy and False Memory Syndrome by John Hochman, M.D.

"First of All, Do No Harm" A Recovered Memory Therapist Recants An Interview With Robin Newsome By Mark Pendergrast

Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance: repressed memory therapy page

"Recovered Memories of Abuse: Assessment, Therapy, Forensics," By Kenneth S. Pope, Ph.D., ABPP and Laura S. Brown, Ph.D., ABPP

"Recovered Memories of Sexual Abuse: Scientific Research & Scholarly Resources" By Jim Hopper, Ph.D.

Lisa Nasseff claims therapist Mark Schwartz brainwashed her A woman is suing a St. Louis therapist, claiming he hypnotized her into falsely believing she had been a part of a satanic cult, had multiple personalities, and had taken part in satanic rituals.

Back to Salem: Paul Shanley and the Return of "Recovered Memory" by Alexander Cockburn

Exonerating the Friedmans by Chris Mooney