Showing posts with label recovered memory therapy. Show all posts
Showing posts with label recovered memory therapy. Show all posts

Monday, February 22, 2021

One Story of Untreated Mental Illness


       The long term outcome of poorly treated or untreated mental illness is often evidenced by increased family alienation,  ever emerging and more bizarre tales of tragedy and difficulties with personal relationships.  The story below is a case study in the outcome of untreated mental illness that likely has physical roots (metabolic issues) combined with a variety of emotional insults.

      Treva Thornberry had a convincing emotive manner in which she delivered her tales of woe and abuse that she said spanned decades.  The false claims repeatedly gained her charity, favor and support from social services, churches, well meaning families, schools, counselors, therapists and most of all the police in 5 different states over 15 years.  Her various stays repeatedly ended with betrayal and false allegations prior to her disappearance.  Her emotive (but fraudulent) presentations were so convincing that psychologists and psychiatrists now point to her case as an example of an extremely rare "factitious disorder" (Muchausen Syndrome).
      Her journey began in 1986 when at 17 years old she suddenly accused her father of repeatedly raping her at gunpoint.  After investigation the police cleared the father and family.  After expressing suicidal ideation she was sent to a state hospital where she was given Xanax & Trilafon and then sent to a foster home in Wichita Falls where she attended high school. In 1987 she was sent to a new foster home in Fort Worth, graduated high school and was released from juvenile care.  She lived briefly with a single mother and her three children.  She disappeared.
       In 1992 Treva emerged as "Kelli T. Thornberry Smitt" in Corvallis, Oregon. She claimed to be 16 and was taken in by kind families.  She told horrid stories of her father from Dallas who would force her into the car and assault her.  She was supported and aided but police were unable to verify her identity of the identity of her father.  She disappeared.  
       In 1993 Treva emerged again as  "Kelli T. Thornberry Smitt" who claimed to be 16 (now 23)  in Portland Oregon.  She told stories to those who took her in of being abused by her father, a Portland police officer.  The police were unable to locate the officer or verify details of her story.  She disappeared.
      In 1994 Treva emerged as "Cara Leanna Davis"claiming to be 16 (actually 24) in Coeur d’Alene, Idaho.  She claimed her abusive father had murdered her mother and was a satanic cult leader.  She was cared for by families and disappeared after 2 months.
     Later in 1994 Treva emerged as "Kara Williams" claiming to be 16 (actually 24).  She told police numerous claims of assault including a young staffer at a shelter.  She went to three different high schools and lived in numerous foster care homes at state expense.  When confronted by social services about her identity she confessed to nothing. Her protests were so adamant, and so tearful, that more than one person watching her came to the conclusion that she truly believed what she was saying.“ Kara was discharged from juvenile care. She disappeared.
     In 1996 Treva emerged as "Stephanie Danielle Lewis" claiming to be 16 (then actually 26). She found help by a religious underground to escape "satanist parents".  She was provided juvenile care services. After 18 days of investigation police determined her real identity. She was arrested for fraud and released. She disappeared. 
    In 1997 Treva emerged as "Brianna Stewart" who claimed to have lived near Mobile, Alabama with mother and Navajo step father who murdered her mother.   She was looking for real father and hitchhiked as a 13 year old to the area.  She was taken in by a family at a church she attended and enrolled in high school wanting to “have a normal life”.   Eventually she filed charges of rape against a security guard who was imprisoned and found guilty (later released and exonerated).  She also went on to accused her host family father spying on her with video cameras while undressing and sexually assaulting her.  After investigation police dismissed the charges.  She vehemently insisted she was telling the truth and taken in by mother of a police officer even after investigators could not corroborate claims. 
     In 2001 Treva still claiming to be "Brianna Stewart" went to trial charged with fraudulent collection of juvenile services (she was 32 at this time).  She fired her lawyers who sought to claim innocence with an insanity plea.  "Brianna" decided to represent herself.   The prosecutor confronted her with a number of matching methods.  Her hand writing matched that of the teenager Treva Thornberg. Brianna's dental exam matched the dental records of Treva Thornberry.  Photos of Treva were presented to jury by Treva's mother that showed unmistakable similarities (Treva paused in the courtroom when shown the pictures).  Finally Brianna accepted a DNA analysis which came back with an overwhelming positive match with the married couple from Electra Texas.  This couple gave birth and raised Treva Thornberry until her mental illness struck when she was 17 (read more about mental illness at "Elephant Illness").  "Brianna" in her defense submitted a report by a therapist that stated an opinion that "Brianna" was 20 years old.  The jury found her guilty of all 7 charges.  Treva Thornberry was sentenced to 3 years in prison.
      While being escorted after the trial Treva (who still called herself Brianna) said in a loud voice "I’m nineteen! I’m not guilty of anything except being a teenager!”  

      In 2003 Treva was released after serving 2 years and 3 months of the sentence. She appeared on an ABC news and stated: "I'm not Treva Thornberry," Stewart said. "I just want to reiterate that I am not, no matter how much that family wants to suddenly produce their family member, no matter what they do, what they say, I am not Treva Thornberry nor will I ever be Treva Thornberry. Because you can't make another person into somebody else. You just can't."

     In 2016 Treva emerged as "Brianna McKenzie" in Lacey, Washington.  She went to police and accused a man of attempting rape while working at a hotel.  Investigation revealed her true identity.  Investigators found inconsistencies when "Brianna" claimed  doubts about the identity of attacker.  The accused man named Canton claimed that a hotel maid attempted to steal his meth.  Canton was eventually released.  Brianna now claims her attacker had more hair.
    She and others like her are out there.  Some of the convincing accusers actually believe the delusions and fantasies they imagine.  Anyone, even the kind and well meaning, can become a victim of false accusations by the mentally ill.





Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Trail of Lies


       One of the most studied serial false accusers in the historical record is Treva Thornberry.  Her convincing emotive manner in which she delivered her tales of woe and abuse spanned decades.  Treva's false claims gained her charity, favor and support from social services, churches, well meaning families, schools, counselors, therapists and most of all the police in 5 different states over 15 years.  Her stay repeatedly ended with betrayal and false allegations prior to her disappearance.  Her emotive (but fraudulent) presentations were so convincing that psychologists and psychiatrists now point to her case as an example of an extremely rare "factitious disorder" (Muchausen Syndrome).
      Her journey began in 1986 when at 17 years old she suddenly accused her father of repeatedly raping her at gunpoint.  After investigation the police cleared the father and family.  After expressing suicidal ideation she was sent to a state hospital where she was given Xanax & Trilafon and then sent to a foster home in Witchata Falls where she attended high school. In 1987 she was sent to a new foster home in Fort Worth, graduated high school and was released from juvenile care.  She lived briefly with a single mother and her three children.  She disappeared.
       In 1992 Treva emerged as "Keili T. Thorneberry Smitt" in Corvallis, Oregon. She claimed to be 16 and was taken in by kind families.  She told horrid stories of her father from Dallas who would force her into the car and assault her.  She was supported and aided but police were unable to verify her identity of the identity of her father.  She disappeared.  
       In 1993 Treva emerged as  "Keili T. Thorneberry Smitt" who claimed to be 16 (now 23)  in Portland Oregon.  She told stories to those who took her in of being abused by her father, a Portland police officer.  The police were unable to locate the officer or verify details of her story.  She disappeared.
      In 1994 Treva emerged as "Cara Leanna Davis"claiming to be 16 (actually 24) in Coeur d’Alene, Idaho.  She claimed her abusive father had murdered her mother and was a satanic cult leader.  She was cared for by families and disappeared after 2 months.
     Later in 1994 Treva emerged as "Kara Williams" claiming to be 16 (actually 24).  She told police she was 16 years of age and detailed numerous claims of assault including a young staffer at a shelter.  She went to three different high schools and lived in numerous foster care homes at state expense.  When confronted by social services about her identity she confessed to nothing. Her protests were so adamant, and so tearful, that more than one person watching her came to the conclusion that she truly believed what she was saying.“ Kara was discharged from juvenile care. She disappeared.
     In 1996 Treva emerged as "Stephanie Danielle Lewis" claiming to be 16 (actually 26). She found help by a religious underground to escape "satanist parents".  She was provided juvenile care services. After 18 days of investigation police determined her real identity. She was arrested for fraud and released. She disappeared. 
    In 1997 Treva emerged as "Brianna Stewart" who claimed to have lived near Mobile, Alabama with mother and Navajo step father who murdered her mother.   She was looking for real father and hitchhiked as a 13 year old to area She was taken in by a family at a church she attended and enrolled in high school wanting to “have a normal life”.  She filed charges of rape against a security guard who was imprisoned and found guilty (later released and exonerated).  She also accused her host family father spying on her with video cameras while undressing and sexually assaulting her.  After investigation police dismissed the charges.  She vehemently insisted she was telling the truth and taken in by mother of a police officer even after investigators could not corroborate claims. 
     In 2001 Treva still claiming to be "Brianna Stewart" went to trial charged with fraudulent collection of juvenile services (she was 32 at this time).  She fired her lawyers who sought to claim innocence with an insanity plea.  "Brianna" decided to represent herself.   The prosecutor confronted her with a number of matching methods.  Her hand writing matched that of the teenager Treva Thornberg. Brianna's dental exam matched the dental records of Treva Thornberry.  Photos of Treva were presented to jury by Treva's mother that showed unmistakable similarities (Treva paused in the courtroom when shown the pictures).  Finally Brianna accepted a DNA analysis which came back with an overwhelming positive match with the married couple from Electra Texas.  This couple gave birth and raised Treva Thornberry until her mental illness struck when she was 17 (read more about mental illness at "Elephant Illness").  "Brianna" in her defense submitted a report by a therapist that stated an opinion that "Brianna" was 20 years old.  The jury found her guilty of all 7 charges.  Treva Thornberry was sentenced to 3 years in prison.
      While being escorted after the trial Treva (who still called herself Brianna) said in a loud voice "I’m nineteen! I’m not guilty of anything except being a teenager!”  

      In 2003 Treva was released after serving 2 years and 3 months of the sentence. She appeared on an ABC news and stated: "I'm not Treva Thornberry," Stewart said. "I just want to reiterate that I am not, no matter how much that family wants to suddenly produce their family member, no matter what they do, what they say, I am not Treva Thorneberry nor will I ever be Treva Thornberry. Because you can't make another person into somebody else. You just can't."

     In 2016 Treva emerged as "Brianna McKenzie" in Lacey, Washington.  She went to police and accused a man of attempting rape while working at a hotel.  Investigation revealed her true identity.  Investigators found inconsistencies who then "Brianna" claimed  doubts about identity of attacker.  The accused man named Canton claimed that a hotel maid attempted to steal his meth.  Canton was eventually released.  Brianna now claims her attacker had more hair.
    She and others like her are out there.  Some of the convincing accusers actually believe the delusions and fantasies they imagine.  Anyone, even the kind and well meaning, can become a victim of false accusations by the mentally ill.





Sunday, February 2, 2020

Our Story, Suffering and Hope

.
     Our adult child was in postpartum depression and in need of help while living 2000 miles away in Walla Walla, Washington in June of 2015.    A long discredited therapy now rejected by expert therapists and known to create horrid false memories was used to “help”.  "Pseudo memories" nurtured by a therapist, life coach and/or friend(s) armed with a "Do it Yourself Therapy Book" harmed her and her family permanently.  While in depression and medicated she endured suggestive questioning, imaging techniques, trances and blackouts.  Our understanding of this event is based on eyewitness written accounts (two people) in Walla Walla who were alarmed and maintained contact with us.  In addition screenshots of our daughter's online public posts, private messages and emails at the time that were saved.
       Our daughter and her then common law husband Kevin both had been married previously but told us they wanted to have a wedding in the church and invited us to come. We traveled 2,463 miles by car towing a trailer to be there in time for the wedding and stay in a nearby campground.  The brief visit involved emotive displays of horrid behavior and accusations we had never dreamed of, heard about or witnessed before that trip.  Our daughter repeatedly referred to “repressed memories” and described horrid events that never happened.  A "friend" called “Juanita” was present and encouraged animated false “recollections” by our daughter.   "Juanita Aunsbach was someone we had never met before, had no personal knowledge of anyone in our family and no one in our nuclear family had ever heard or talked to her prior.  We were shocked.
       When another daughter began to show similar signs of mental illness (psychosis and delusions) we arranged for blood analysis.  It was revealed that five of seven in our nuclear family have a metabolism known to have pathways leading to episodes of "psychosis".  This pathway to psychosis can be caused by the medications posted online publicly by our daughter 2015. We are now convinced that poor and outdated talk therapy called "recovered memory therapy" combined with metabolic issues (relating to her pregnancy) and a reaction to medication underlie her struggles with these psuedomemories and untreated mental illness.
       Thousands of miles away from where she grew up her social circles were ignorant of the facts.  No one has ever called and talked with her brother, sisters, parents, grandparents or people who lived in our household during her youth.  
       We now realize that such delusions can persist indefinitely.  Pseudo memories are resistant to change unless those still in contact gently point out facts and ask questions that make the accuser aware of discrepancies. We understand that the outlook for her recovery from this episode is very poor. Maltreatment (harmful talk therapies based on memory) can make untreated mental illness profitable for therapists as it extends unhelpful treatment indefinitely.  We hope that someday her circle of acquaintances who do not know us will at least encourage her to get physically checked and competently cared for. We have and will always love, respect and cherish our daughter.
       In spite of the bizarre and false memories we will never give up on reconciliation and continue to pray for her.
      We are still allowed to hope!

====================

Tuesday, January 14, 2020

The Therapy Jesus Used


     I often read the gospel scheduled by our church each day.  Some readings strike me as relevant and truthful in new ways as I grow, mature and change..  On September 3, 2019 the Gospel of Luke  Chapter 4 verses 31-37 was the Gospel reading.  I read the same story again on January 14, 2020 from Mark 1:21-28 and added some new insights as well.

    "Jesus went down to Capernaum, a town of Galilee.
     He taught them on the sabbath, and they were astonished at his teaching
     because he spoke with authority.
     In the synagogue there was a man with the spirit of an unclean demon, 
     and he cried out in a loud voice,
     "What have you to do with us, Jesus of Nazareth?
     Have you come to destroy us?
     I know who you are–the Holy One of God!"
     Jesus rebuked him and said, "Be quiet! Come out of him!"
     Then the demon threw the man down in front of them
     and came out of him without doing him any harm.
     They were all amazed and said to one another,
     "What is there about his word?
     For with authority and power he commands the unclean spirits,
     and they come out."
     And news of him spread everywhere in the surrounding region."

       This reading hit me in a new way at this time in my life.
      Jesus taught with confidence.  The ability to convey certainty was key to the spread of his teachings. He taught confidently even in his home region of Galilee. Real courage was needed to speak truth to friends and relatives.  So confidence is key.  What if there is confidence in the wrong methods?  Confidence alone is not enough.
     In this event depicted by two different gospel accounts Jesus frees a man from "demons" publicly in a church.  I am not a theologian or expert in ancient Hebrew, Aramaic or Greek terms so I use context available in the story.  What I do have is experience.  I have experienced a mentally ill person "helped"with memory based therapy who screamed out outlandish accusations to secular and church authorities in a very similar manner about me.  It was quite intimidating and resulted in immense disruption to my life, the loss of my professional position, my computer being frozen, my house being searched, my minor child being interrogated for hours in a counselor office and my adult children being questioned aggressively.   In the end they were unable to substantiate any of the accusations.  I was lucky as I have learned that thousands of innocent men like me are cornered into "pleas" or found guilty on the word of a person disconnected from reality, in psychosis and suffering from hallucinations (as my accuser was found to be).  I have since learned that many are in prison because someone screamed accusations and that was all that was needed.  I was lucky as I was able to get help to my accuser and return her to reality.  So this story has immense meaning for me.  I pondered if Jesus himself faced emotionally fueled and false accusations in that church.  So reading this captivated my attention.  How did Jesus handle this situation?
      The scripture depicts a person with "problems" yelling out at Jesus in the church.   The unstable person identifies Jesus by name and refers to himself as "us" rather than as the person speaking.  Possibly there is more wrong than any one malady (just as in the case of my mentally ill accuser).  Jesus is not his malady but he is the one being screamed at.   Jesus ends up facilitating his cure. What did Jesus do?  
      It is interesting what Jesus did NOT do.  Jesus could have talked and inquired about the details of the charges and topics of his rantings.  Jesus could have asked about when, how and by what mechanism the demon had taken control.  Jesus could have asked the person about the possibility of misguided parenting, neglect as a youth that made him vulnerable to mental illness or demonic activity.  Jesus could have suggested  he was abused "like so many others have been" and then got him to retell his tales that so many in psychosis generate.  Jesus could have referred the man to others in the community who specialized in handling crazy people to help them "remember" what caused them harm.  Jesus could have attempted to  offer him money to stop his rantings.  Some might think that Jesus appeared to have what seemed to be a lack of empathy and compassion because Jesus made no attempt to clarify his reasons for screaming at all.   Instead Jesus provided deliverance and then healing.
     The two things Jesus did prior to the deliverance and miraculous change it explicitly described.  Jesus commanded the screaming person to "be quiet".   Jesus did not seek to be entertained with lurid tales that detailed why he was screaming at him.   Jesus followed the command to be quiet with a rebuke.  It seems to me that the common response to demons screaming out false accusations is one that harms the innocent  (by minimizing their real experience), it harms the innocent who are falsely accused with public media attention that amplifies the screams and rewards the demon screams with large payouts.  It is hard to imagine anything doing more harm than our present reaction.
       Could it be that Jesus is driving out the "demons" in a false accuser?
      After the man is quieted Jesus "rebukes" and the "demon" is not specifically spoken of by Jesus.  Only after quiet and rebuke is the unnamed demon ordered to "come out" of the afflicted man. Does anyone reading this see the quieting and rebuking a sign of Jesus' anger,  guilt or ignorance of his past that could have made emotionally afflicted man this way?  If so they may have a wrong perspective.  Such a misunderstanding may be empowering the screaming of false accusations.
      The accuser fell to the ground as if humiliated.  The "unclean spirit" left and that crazy acting man acted different after he got up. 
      The news spread because what Jesus did worked.  It was not because Jesus provided a satisfactory or detailed explanation of why the man acted crazy.  Jesus spoke and acted with authority, rebuked, commanded and caused a crazy man to throw himself down in front of others.  That man became better because of the words Jesus used focused the man on ceasing his rant and then becoming different.  Jesus did not focus on what he was "screaming about" during or after the event.  Clearly the crazy acting person was a different man after he picked himself up.  You can tell by the fruit of this interaction.
     The kingdom of God spread like wildfire as a result.  Maybe others will be moved and changed by the power of his word and example.  I have seen it personally.  I can tell you this story is truly how Jesus works.
     This was so worth pondering.  
     If we are unstable and emotional and screaming in anger why not be quiet, accept rebuke and throw ourselves down in front of Jesus? Then why not get up a different person?

Friday, November 22, 2019

Children and Credibility

     One of the most heinous crimes that evokes instant emotional outrage in today's society is the abuse of a child.  No child should ever have to suffer harm or horrid abuse as a victim to predators, perpetrators or serial abusers with no conscience.  When such an event happens it only makes sense to exact the highest degree of restraint and punitive actions available.
      Children are mentally undeveloped, physiologically vulnerable, innocent, naive and easily manipulated.  Scientist are aware that children are highly vulnerable to suggestion, deception and manipulation.  While we wish we could always believe them the adults in the room should treat them with respect but always seek verification.
      There is a very dangerous flip side to the desire to protect children cited above.  The emotional switch to protect children can be used to quickly garner attention, gain leverage, accuse, convict and then imprison innocent people.  This switch is used for a variety of reasons by parents in a custody battle, by prosecutors looking for an easy cheap conviction (especially it the falsely accused is unable to afford expert defense) or by investigators looking to enhance professional standing.  The media often piles on eager to garner attention, increase readership by eliciting strong emotions with lurid and horrid depictions.  Truth and fairness is hardly important among those clamoring to protect children. The motivation for using children and accusations for profit or professional gian is often rewarded.  The false conviction rates due to what the National Center for Reason and Justice  calls "the child-protection panic" are extremely high. 
       Placing the descriptor "credible" prior to the noun "accusation" lends a weight or credence to any accusation, true or not, of any heinous, lurid or horrid crime no matter how bizarre.  A successful investigator has been described as a person who "will always get the man responsible".  Below are a sample of typical "credible accusations" by children that have resulted in agreed upon injustices.  Many innocents still languish in prison but it is refreshing when authorities are able to recognize truth and foster justice.
Children are Always Truthful and Credible
      A four year old child was an eye witness able to identify the perpetrator of the rape and murder of his mother.  Most assume that a child is truthful, has no reason to lie and may even have a better memory than adults who are often confused by the myriad details of life .  A child assisted by state experts, skilled police interrogators and seasoned prosecutors generated a "credible accusation" of Phillip Bivens 18 months after the crime.  While in custody Mr. Bivens found himself under incredible pressure and was threatened with the death penalty if he continued to insist on his innocence and went to trial.  Mr. Bivens pondered the image of a tearful child fingering him in front of a jury for the brutal crime against his mother.  Fearful for his life Mr. Bivens offered a confession.  He served three decades in Mississippi prisons before his case was selected by the "Innocence Project" for Review.  Luckily the material evidence (clothing) collected from the crime scene was not destroyed and was then analyzed for the presence of  DNA.   Mr. Bivens DNA was on none of the items found on or in the vicinity of the victim.  DNA on the clothing did identify the actual perpetrator, a serial rapist convicted in other cases.  Thanks to the Innocence Project the true perpetrator subsequently confessed and was convicted for that crime.  Mr. Bivens had served 30 years in prison prior to his exoneration.  The "credible accusation" could have killed him but Mr. Bivens decision to create a confession to a crime he never committed likely saved his life.

Father Imprisoned Using False Accusations
     It it true that a dedicated father can spend decades in prison for false allegations without any physical evidence?   Unfortunately the answer is a resounding YES.  The video above is just one story.  Many similar cases are never resolved truthfully.
     In this story accusations against the father arose in the midst of dispute during a divorce (very common).  Three children were coaxed into accusing the father using known suggestive techniques.  Eventually the children, after they became adults, understood that the accusations they were coaxed into by police and child protection services were false.  They also came to understand that this was the reason for their "missing father" which had left them confused. 
      The children had no idea what happened to the father over a twenty year period.  The father  and was NOT allowed to communicate with them in any form. The truth came out when the "child accusers" (now adults) learned that the stories the police helped them "form" with dolls never really happened. The video of the doll playing was going to be used against the father.  The father was freed after the adult children found out he was in prison due to this videoed game playing.  His adult offspring told the courts that the stories made up were not true.  The father had, by then, spent over 20 years in prison for something he never did.
      This case is not an exception to the competent work of child protective services, dedicated and informed detectives and prosecutors interested in justice.  This story demonstrates how the "hero" complex can drive counselors, police and investigators to use and manipulate children unknowingly.  Prosecutors who are measured by convictions, guilty pleas and average prison length are very willing to use process crimes, pressure witnesses. manipulate children and imprison the innocent if it helps build their resume and career.  




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Further Reading:

American Psychological Association. 2001. Understanding Child Sexual Abuse

Baker, Robert A. Hidden Memories: Voices and Visions From Within (Buffalo, N.Y. : Prometheus Books, 1992.).

Crews, Frederick. (1997). Memory Wars: Freud's Legacy in Dispute. New York Review of Books Reprint Edition.

Dawes,Robyn M. Everyday Irrationality : How Pseudo Scientists, Lunatics, and the Rest of Us Systematically Fail to Think Rationally (Westview Press, 2001).

Erwin, Edward. (1995). A Final Accounting: Philosophical and Empirical Issues in Freudian Psychology. MIT Press.

Gardner, Martin. (2006). "The Memory Wars."Skeptical Inquirer. Part 1 is in vol. 30 no. 1, parts 2 and 3 are in vol. 30 no. 2.

Goldstein. Eleanor C. (1992). Confabulations: Creating False Memories, Destroying Families. Sirs.

de Rivera, Joseph. "'Trauma searches' plant the seed of imagined misery," The Sacramento Bee, May 18, 1993.

Hallinan, Joseph T. "Money for repressed memories repressed," Sacramento Bee, Jan. 12, 1997, Forum.

Johnson, M.K. et al. "Source Monitoring,"Psychological Bulletin, 114, 3-28.

Johnston, Moira. Spectral Evidence: The Ramona Case: Incest, Memory, and Truth on Trial in Napa Valley (Westview Press, 1999).

Loftus, Elizabeth and Katherine Ketcham. The Myth of Repressed Memory (New York: St. Martin's, 1994).

Mullen Paul E. and Jillian Fleming. 1998. "Long-term Effects of Child Sexual Abuse"

Ofshe, Richard and Ethan Watters. Making Monsters: False Memories, Psychotherapy, and Sexual Hysteria (New York: Scribner's, 1994).

Pendergrast, Mark. Victims of Memory : Sex Abuse Accusations and Shattered Lives 2nd ed. (Upper Access Book Publishers, 1996).

Schacter, Daniel L., editor, Memory Distortion: How Minds, Brains, and Societies Reconstruct the Past(Harvard University Press, 1997).

Schacter, Daniel L. Searching for Memory - the brain, the mind, and the past (New York: Basic Books, 1996).

Singer, Margaret Thaler and Janja Lalich. Crazy Therapies (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, Inc., 1996). Review of "Crazy" Therapies

Tavris, Carol. "Hysteria and the incest-survivor machine," Sacramento Bee, Forum section, January 17, 1993.

Wakefield, Hollida and Ralph Underwager. Return of the Furies - An Investigation into Recovered Memory Therapy (Peru, Illinois: Open Court Publishing Co., 1994).

"Debunking Myths About Trauma and Memory," (2005). Richard J. McNally, Ph.D. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, Vol 50, No 13, November.

My review of Crazy Therapies by Singer & Lalich

StopBadTherapy.com

Twelve Myths about False Memories

Mass Media Funk: Study shows the longer one is in RMT, the more disabled one becomes

Statements by Professional Organizations on recovered memory therapy

"Truth or invention: exploring the repressed memory syndrome" excerpt from The Myth of Repressed Memory by ElizabethLoftus and Katherine Ketcham

"Remembering Dangerously" by Elizabeth Loftus

False Memory Syndrome Foundation WWW Page

Recovered Memories or Modern Witch Hunt? by Douglas E. Hill

Recovered Memory Therapy and False Memory Syndrome by John Hochman, M.D.

"First of All, Do No Harm" A Recovered Memory Therapist Recants An Interview With Robin Newsome By Mark Pendergrast

Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance: repressed memory therapy page

"Recovered Memories of Abuse: Assessment, Therapy, Forensics," By Kenneth S. Pope, Ph.D., ABPP and Laura S. Brown, Ph.D., ABPP

"Recovered Memories of Sexual Abuse: Scientific Research & Scholarly Resources" By Jim Hopper, Ph.D.

Lisa Nasseff claims therapist Mark Schwartz brainwashed her A woman is suing a St. Louis therapist, claiming he hypnotized her into falsely believing she had been a part of a satanic cult, had multiple personalities, and had taken part in satanic rituals.

Back to Salem: Paul Shanley and the Return of "Recovered Memory" by Alexander Cockburn

Exonerating the Friedmans by Chris Mooney